Supplied in 10 mM sodium HEPES (pH 7.5), 150 mM NaCl, 100 μg/ml BSA, 50% glycerol and less than 0.02% sodium azide. Store at -20ºC. Do not aliquot the antibody.
Specificity / Sensitivity
Toll-like Receptor 4 (D8L5W) Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody recognizes endogenous levels of total Toll-like receptor 4 protein.
Species Reactivity:
Mouse
Source / Purification
Monoclonal antibody is produced by immunizing animals with recombinant mouse Toll-like receptor 4 protein.
Background
Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, named for the closely related Toll receptor in Drosophila, play a pivotal role in innate immune responses (1-4). TLRs recognize conserved motifs found in various pathogens and mediate defense responses (5-7). Triggering of the TLR pathway leads to the activation of NF-κB and subsequent regulation of immune and inflammatory genes (4). The TLRs and members of the IL-1 receptor family share a conserved stretch of approximately 200 amino acids known as the Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain (1). Upon activation, TLRs associate with a number of cytoplasmic adapter proteins containing TIR domains, including myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), MyD88-adapter-like/TIR-associated protein (MAL/TIRAP), TIR domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), and Toll-receptor-associated molecule (TRAM) (8-10). This association leads to the recruitment and activation of IRAK1 and IRAK4, which form a complex with TRAF6 to activate TAK1 and IKK (8,11-14). Activation of IKK leads to the degradation of IκB, which normally maintains NF-κB in an inactive state by sequestering it in the cytoplasm.
TLR4 functions in association with MD-2 in the recognition and initiation of immune responses elicited by lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria (4-8). TLR4 triggers the activation of NF-κB, IRF-3, and MAPK pathways, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines (9).
